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Transport Research Laboratory Research Projects
Research by the UK’s Transport Research
Laboratory (TRL: www.trl.co.uk ) on the
subject of Tyre Bales in Construction is ongoing. The main themes of the work
are the development of design and construction methods for the use of tyre bales
in construction together with an associated engineering specification for tyre
bales.
The main applications that have been considered are road foundations over soft
ground, lightweight embankment fill, slope failure remediation, gravity
retaining walls, drainage layers, storm water management systems and rainwater
soakaways, and environmental barriers. Other key issues that have been
considered in the work are the manufacture, properties and behaviour of tyre
bales and the effects of waste management licensing on the potential use of tyre
bales in construction.
A number of outputs have emerged from the
project. These are available as follows:
1.
The Use of Post Consumer Tyres in Civil Engineering by J M Reid and M G Winter.
The paper is published in the Proceedings of the Used/Post-Consumer Tyres
Conference held in London in 2004. This paper draws on information from this and
other projects to highlight some key issues and obstacles to the use of tyres in
construction before presenting some brief tyre bale case studies.
2.
Report on a Technical Visit to the United States of America - May 2004 by M G
Winter. This report is published in the Royal Academy of Engineering’s
online magazine The Delegate (http://www.raeng.org.uk/news/publications/thedelegate/feedback.htm?Issue=45).
The report describes the tyre bale construction sites visited sites in
Chautauqua County in New York State and in Texas. The visit was made with the
benefit of additional funding from the Royal Academy of Engineering. A second,
follow-up visit was made to Texas in April 2005 the results of which have been
incorporated directly into the final report (see item 6 below).
3.
Construction of Road Foundations on Soft Ground Using Lightweight Tyre Bales by
M G Winter, P E Johnson and J M Reid. This paper is published in the
Proceedings of the International Conference on Problematic Soils held at the
Eastern Mediterranean University in Famagusta, N Cyprus in May 2005. The paper
describes design and construction approaches for the construction of tyre bale
foundations for roads on soft ground and includes details of successful
applications.
4. Tyre Bales in Construction – Case Studies
by M G Winter, J M Reid and P I J Griffiths. This report is published as
TRL Published Project Report PPR 045 (a summary of the report is available from
www.trl.co.uk). The report describes ten case studies of tyre bale use in
construction from the UK and the USA.
5. Slope Failure Repair using Tyre Bales at
Interstate Highway 30, Tarrant County, Texas, USA by Prikryl, W, R Williammee
and M G Winter. This paper was published in the Quarterly Journal of
Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/geol/qjeg)
in late-2005. The paper presents a substantially expanded case study of the
repair and subsequent back analysis of a slope failure repair using tyre bales.
The publishers require the following statement as a condition of access: “This
paper has been published in the Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and
Hydrogeology 38(4), 377-386, 2005, the only definitive repository of the content
that has been certified and accepted after peer review. Copyright and all rights
therein are retained by the Geological Society of London.”
6. Tyre Bales in Construction by M G Winter, G R A Watts and P E Johnson.
This report will be published as a Viridis Report in late-2005. The report will
be the final report from the project and will detail design/construction methods
for the use of tyre bales in construction for road foundations over soft ground,
lightweight embankment fill, slope failure remediation, gravity retaining walls,
drainage layers, storm water management systems and rainwater soakaways, and
environmental barriers. In addition it will include an associated engineering
specification for tyre bales and will consider the manufacture, properties and
behaviour of tyre bales and the effects of waste management licensing on the
potential use of tyre bales in construction.
The TRL Project Team was led by Dr Mike Winter
with inputs from Guy Watts, Paul Johnson, Dr Murray Reid and Polly Griffiths.
The authors are sincerely grateful for the contribution of the Project Advisory
Group (C = Corresponding Member). The members of the group are as follows:
1. Diego Belalcazar, Onyx Environmental Trust.
2. Ed and Nancy Drew, Encore Systems Inc., Cohasset, MN, USA
(C).
3. Stephen Kerr, Avayl Engineering Consulting
www.avayl.co.uk
4. Forbes Macgregor, Scottish Executive.
5. Richard Myers, Inverness and Nairn Enterprise.
6. Professor Andrew Porteous, Onyx Environmental Trust.
7. Malcolm Ross, NTR Ltd.
8. Dennis Scott, NTR Ltd.
9. Garry Smith, Highland Council.
10. Ken Smith, Department of Public Facilities, Chautauqua
County, NY, USA (C).
11. Richard Williammee, Fort Worth District, Texas Department
of Transportation, TX, USA (C).
Funding for this project was provided by Onyx
Environmental Trust in the form of a grant placed on The Research Foundation
under the Landfill Tax Credits Scheme. Inverness & Nairn Enterprise and the
Scottish Executive provided additional funding. The work has been conducted by
TRL Limited under contract to The Research Foundation. In addition credit is due
to the Royal Academy of Engineering who provided part-funding, in the form of an
International Travel Award (No. 04-301), for the first of two study visits to
the USA to visit sites at which tyre bales had been used and personnel expert in
their use.
The project team are also extremely grateful to Jonathan Simms (HR Wallingford,
UK), Bill Prikryl (TEAM Consultants Inc, Dallas, TX, USA) and Dr Jorge Zornberg
(University of Texas at Austin, USA) for helpful discussions and suggestions.
Copyright TRL Limited 2005
This report has been prepared for The Research Foundation is unpublished and
should not be referred to in any other document or publication without the
permission of The Research Foundation. The views expressed are those of the
author(s) and not necessarily those of The Research Foundation.
This report has been produced by TRL Limited, under/as part of a Contract placed
by The Research Foundation. Any views expressed are not necessarily those of The
Research Foundation.
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